C strcat method. C has a built-in method to concatenate strings. The strcat method is used to concatenate strings in C. The strcat function takes char array as input and then concatenates the input values passed to the function. Like member functions and member function arguments, the objects of a class can also be declared as const. An object declared as const cannot be modified and hence, can invoke only const member functions as these functions ensure not to modify the object. A const object can be created by prefixing the const keyword to the object declaration. C Library The elements of the C language library are also included as a subset of the C Standard library. These cover many aspects, from general utility functions and macros to input/output functions and dynamic memory management functions: (assert.h) C Diagnostics Library (header) (ctype.h) Character handling functions. NOTE: please please use #define directives or const (as needed). C language needed. I'm using dev c btw. Create an algorithm (pseudo code and flowchart) and program for the given problem below and use #define directives or const (as needed) and other arithmetic operators.
Variables are an extremely core concept to most object orientated programming languages. I like to visualize a variable much like a box. We can put things in the box, we can take things out of the box, and at any point we can see what is inside the box. Each box also has a name to which we can refer to it by, and in C++, each box can only hold a certain type of data.
When we create variables we call this the variable declaration, and then when we set them for the first time, we call this the initialization. To declare a variable in C++, we write the function. To declare a basic integer variable called 'age', we could write the following:
From this point we can then refer to the variable by its name, so in this case, we can just write 'age' whenever we want to refer to the variable. To initialise the variable we can write its name, followed by the equals sign, followed by the value we want to set the variable to (followed by a semicolon). The value we set it to can be a constant (a value that doesn't change), or another variable of the same type. An operator is a symbol which has a certain meaning in the programming language, in this case, the equals operator, represented by the = symbol, is an operator which sets whatever is on the left of the operator to whatever is on the right.
The constant value we set the variable to depends on the to 5 with something like the following:
We can actually combine the variable declaration and initialization into one more-compact line, like the following:
The 'age' variable now contains the number '5', and we can refer to this '5' by writing 'age' anywhere in our program. We can also change the value of the variable at any point by using the equals operator as we did for the first initialization:
Although this seems purely for convenience at the moment (as we could just write '5', '3', or '21' in place of 'age'), trust me when I say that these become extremely useful and powerful when you start dealing with dynamic logic and user input (the latter of which we'll be covering later in this tutorial).
Just to give an example of accessing the contents of variables by using their names, we could create a new variable called 'age_two' which is set to the value of 'age', and then we can also try outputting one or both of these variables:
To be clear, all this code should be going into the basic program structure which we learnt how to create in the last tutorial. So we want our 'iostream' include for cout, cin, and some other stuff, we want the std namespace, and we want the majority of our code to be going in our 'main' function. So our full code to demonstrate variables so far, which you can compile and run at any point to test the functionality, is as follows:
Some number variables can handle positive and negative numbers, whereas 'unsigned' number variables can only handle positive numbers, although because of this restriction, can hold larger numbers. You can write the signed or unsigned keywords before the and 'short' - numbers with a decimal place in. Floats are accurate to around 6 or 7 digits and are declared using the float type. Float constants can be defined by simply writing a number with a decimal point followed by the 'f' notation. An example of a simple float declaration and initialization to a float constant is as follows:
Care must be taken, however, with float (and other decimal) operations, as rounding and precision problems to do with how the numbers are stored can trip you up (we don't have infinite memory for recurring decimals like 1/3 for example) -- I recommend reading this article for more information on this if you're interested.
Doubles
The 'double' or 'e'. Character variables are declared by using the char type, and character constants are defined by using single quotes (apostrophes) around the character. An example of character declaration and initialization to a character constant is as follows:
Strings
The lastve talked about string variables in relation to cout before, and as such you should know that string constants are defined by using double quotes. String variables are declared by using the string type, however as strings aren't actually 'primitive' types in C++ (and are instead defined by the standard library of stuff that comes bundled with C++), you are required to #include <string> to use thist strings aren't massively useful, but this is just because we don't really know how to utilize all the functionality of different data-types yet - for example, we don't know how to perform simple mathematics on number types, or how to check the value of booleans to change the logic of the program. All will be revealed in future tutorials.
Microsoft Specific
The limits for integer types in C and C++ are listed in the following table. These limits are defined in the C standard header file <limits.h>. The C++ Standard Library header <limits> includes <climits>, which includes <limits.h>.
Microsoft C also permits the declaration of sized integer variables, which are integral types of size 8-, 16-, 32- or 64-bits. For more information on sized integers in C, see Sized Integer Types.
Limits on Integer Constants
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| Constant | Meaning | Value |
|---|---|---|
| CHAR_BIT | Number of bits in the smallest variable that is not a bit field. | 8 |
| SCHAR_MIN | Minimum value for a variable of type signed char. | -128 |
| SCHAR_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type signed char. | 127 |
| UCHAR_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type unsigned char. | 255 (0xff) |
| CHAR_MIN | Minimum value for a variable of type char. | -128; 0 if /J option used |
| CHAR_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type char. | 127; 255 if /J option used |
| MB_LEN_MAX | Maximum number of bytes in a multicharacter constant. | 5 |
| SHRT_MIN | Minimum value for a variable of type short. | -32768 |
| SHRT_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type short. | 32767 |
| USHRT_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type unsigned short. | 65535 (0xffff) |
| INT_MIN | Minimum value for a variable of type int. | -2147483647 - 1 |
| INT_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type int. | 2147483647 |
| UINT_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type unsigned int. | 4294967295 (0xffffffff) |
| LONG_MIN | Minimum value for a variable of type long. | -2147483647 - 1 |
| LONG_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type long. | 2147483647 |
| ULONG_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type unsigned long. | 4294967295 (0xffffffff) |
| LLONG_MIN | Minimum value for a variable of type long long. | -9,223,372,036,854,775,807 - 1 |
| LLONG_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type long long. | 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 |
| ULLONG_MAX | Maximum value for a variable of type unsigned long long. | 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (0xffffffffffffffff) |
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If a value exceeds the largest integer representation, the Microsoft compiler generates an error.
END Microsoft Specific
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See also